Acids, Bases, and Salts Chapter-2
1.
You have been provided with three test tubes. One contains distilled water and the other contains an acidic and a
basic solution, respectively. If you are given only red litmus paper, how will
you identify the contents of each test tube?
Answer:
A few drops of red litmus solution are added to each test
tube. The red colour will become light in the test tube containing water, turn blue in the test tube containing basic solution, and become
dark in the test tube containing acidic solution.
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2. Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper
vessels?
Answer:
Brass and copper vessels
contain copper and zinc metal, which reacts with the acids present in curd and sour substances to form soluble salts. These salts are poisonous and make
curd unfit for consumption.
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3. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal?
Illustrate with an example. How will you test for the presence of this gas?
Answer:
When an acid reacts with
any metal, salt and hydrogen gas are formed.
Metal + Acid → Salt +
Hydrogen gas
When a burning candle or matchstick is bought near hydrogen gas it burns with
pop sound.
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4. Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce
effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced
chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed is calcium
chloride?
Answer:
As one of the compounds
formed is calcium chloride, metal compound ‘A’ is a salt of calcium.
Burning candle is extinguished by carbon dioxide so carbon dioxide gas is
produced by reaction of ‘A’ with hydrochloric acid.
Carbon dioxide is produced by the action of HCl on carbonate which means ‘A’ is
calcium carbonate.
CaCO3 + HCI ⟶
CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(Calcium
Carbonate)
(Calcium Chloride)
5. Why do HCl, HNO3, etc., show acidic characters in
aqueous solutions while solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not
show acidic characters?
Answer:
The dissociation of HCL
or HNO3 to form hydrogen ions always occurs in the
presence of water. Hydrogen ions (H+) combine with H2O to
form hydronium ions 3O+
The reaction is as follows:
HCl(aq) ⟶ H++Cl−
H++H2O ⟶ H3O+
6. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity?
Answer:
Acids dissociate in
aqueous solutions to form ions. These ions are responsible for the conduction of
electricity.
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7. Why does dry HCl gas not change the color of the dry litmus paper?
Answer:
ColThe colour the litmus paper is changed by the hydrogen ions. Dry HCIHCLs does not
contain H+ ions. It is only in the aqueous solution that an acid dissociates to
give ions. Since in this case, neither HCI is in the aqueous form nor the
litmus paper is wet, therefore, the colour of the litmus paper does not change.
8. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be
added to water and not water to the acid?
Answer:
Since the process of
dissolving an acid in water is exothermic, it is always recommended that acid
should be added to water. If it is done the other way, then it is possible that
because of the large amount of heat generated, the mixture splashes out and
causes burns.
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9.
How is the concentration of hydronium ions H3O+ affected
when a solution of an acid is diluted?
Answer:
When an acid is diluted,
the concentration of hydronium ions H3O+ per unit
volume decreases. This means that the strength of the acid decreases.
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10.
How is the concentration of hydroxide ions OH− affected when
excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide?
Answer:
The
concentration of hydroxide ions OH− would increase when excess
base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide.
11. You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of
solution B is 8. Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of
this is acidic and which one is basic?
Answer:
A pH
value of less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, while greater than 7
indicates a basic solution. Therefore, the solution with pH = 6 is acidic and
has more hydrogen ion concentration than the solution of pH = 8 which is basic.
12. What effect does the concentration of H+ (aq) ions have
on the nature of the solution?
Answer:
Concentration
of H+ (aq) can have a varied effect on the nature of the
solution.With an increase in ion concentration, the solution becomes more
acidic, while a decrease of H+ ion causes an increase in the
basicity of the solution.
13. Do basic solutions also have H+(aq) ions? If yes, then why
are these basic?
Answer:
Yes,
basic solution also has H+(aq) ions. However, their concentration is
less as compared to the concentration of OH− ions that makes
the solution basic.
14. Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of
his fields with quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
or chalk (calcium carbonate)?
Answer:
If
the soil is acidic and improper for cultivation, then to increase the basicity
of soil, the farmer would treat the soil with quicklime or slaked lime or chalk
2NaHCO3 ⟶ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
15. What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2?
Answer:
Bleaching
powder.
16. Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching
powder.
Answer:
Slaked
lime or calcium hydroxide.
17. Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water.
Answer:
Sodium
carbonate is used for softening hard water.
18. What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrocarbonate is heated? Give
the equation of the reaction involved.
Answer:
When
a solution of sodium hydrocarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate) is heated,
sodium carbonate and water are formed with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
19. Write an equation to show the reaction between Plaster of Paris and
water.
Answer:
The chemical equation for
the reaction of Plaster of Paris and water is
CaSO4.1/2H2O
+ 3/2H2O → CaSO4.2H2O
20.
A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be
(a) 1
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 10
Answer: (d)
10
21. A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells to give a gas that turns
lime-water milky. The solution contains
(a) NaCl
(b) HCl
(c) LiCl
(d) KCl
Answer:(b)
The solution contains HCI.
23. 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to be completely neutralised by 8
mL of a given solution of HCl. If we take 20 mL of the same solution of NaOH,
the amount HCl solution (the same solution as before) required to neutralise it
will be
(a) 4 mL
(b) 8 mL
(c) 12 mL
(d) 16 mL
Answer:(d)
16 mL
24. Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating
indigestion?
(a) Antibiotic
(b) Analgesic
(c) Antacid
(d) Antiseptic
Answer:(c)
Antacid is used for treating indigestion.
25. Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking
place when -
(a) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules.
(b) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.
(c) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder.
(d) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings.
Answer:
(a) Zinc + Sulphuric acid = Zinc sulphate +Hydrogen
H2SO4(aq) + Zn(s) ⟶
ZnSO4(aq) + H2 (g)
(b) Magnesium + Sulphuric acid magnesium chloride +Hydrogen gas
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(c) Aluminum + Sulphuric acid Aluminum sulphate +Hydrogen gas
3H2SO4 + 2Al → Al2(SO4)3 +
3H2
(d) Iron + Hydrochloric acid Iron chloride +Hydrogen
6HCl(aq) + 3Fe(s) → 3FeCl2(aq) + 3H2(g)
26. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not
categorised as acids. Describe an Activity to prove it.
Answer:
Alcohol
and glucose both contain hydrogen but not categorized as acids. This can be
proved by following activity.
Material required :- Beaker, nails, battery, connecting wires,
bulb, switch and alcohols.
Procedure :
1. Set up the experiment as follows
2. Take ethyl alcohol in the beaker in the beaker.
3. When the switch is turned on, the bulb does not glow.
4. Take glucose solution in place of alcohols but bulb does not glow.
27. Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rain water
does?
Answer:
Distilled
water is a pure form of water and is devoid of any ionic species. Therefore, it
does not conduct electricity. Rain water, being an impure form of water,
contains many ionic species such as acids and therefore it conducts
electricity.
28. Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water?
Answer:
Acids
do not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water because the dissociation
of hydrogen ions from an acid occurs in the presence of water only. It is the
hydrogen ions that are responsible for the acidic behaviour.
29. Five solutions A,B,C,D and E when tested with universal indicator showed
pH as 4,1,11,7 and 9, respectively. Which solution is
(a) neutral?
(b) strongly alkaline?
(c) strongly acidic?
(d) weakly acidic?
(e) weakly alkaline?
Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration
Answer:
(a) D
(b) C
(c) B
(d) A
(e) E
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30. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to test tube A, while acetic acid (CH3COOH)
is added to test tube B. Amount and concentration taken for both the acids are
same. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and why?
Answer:
HCl
is stronger acid than CH3COOH. Therefore, H+ ions concentration in
test tube A will be more than that in test tube B. hence, reaction will take
place faster in test tube A than in test tube B. so, fizzing will occur more
vigorously in test tube B.
31. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it
turns into curd? Explain your answer.
Answer:
The
pH of milk is 6. As it changes to curd, the pH will reduce because curd is
acidic in nature. The acids present in it decrease the PH.
32. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
Answer:
(a)
The milkman shifts the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline because
in alkaline condition, milk does not set as curd easily.
(b) Since this milk is slightly basic than usual milk, acids produced to set
the curd are neutralized by the base. Therefore, it takes a longer time for the
curd to set.
33. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Explain
why?
Answer:
Plaster
of Paris reacts with moisture to form gypsum and sets to a hard mass.
Therefore, it should be stored in moisture-proof container.
34. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two examples.
Answer:
A
reaction in which an acid and base react with each other to give a salt and
water is termed as neutralization reaction. In this reaction, energy is evolved
in the form of heat.
For example :- NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl+H2O
(ii) During indigestion (caused due to the production of excess of hydrochloric
acid in the stomach), we administer an antacid (generally milk of magnesia,
Mg(OH)2 which is basic in nature). The antacid neutralizes the excess of acids
and thus gives relief from indigestion.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2+2H2O
35. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.
Answer:
Uses
of washing soda :
(i) As cleansing agent.
(ii) Removing permanent hardness of water.
(iii) Used in glass, soap and paper industries.
Uses of baking soda :
(i) For making baking powder
(ii)
As ingredient of antacid.
Key Words:
- Acids:
- Sour taste
- Turns blue litmus red
- Releases H(^+) ions in water
- Examples: Hydrochloric acid
(HCl), Sulphuric acid (H(_2)SO(_4)), Acetic acid (CH(_3)COOH)
- Bases:
- Bitter taste
- Slippery feel
- Turns red litmus blue
- Releases OH(^-) ions in water
- Examples: Sodium hydroxide
(NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(_2))
- Indicators:
- Substances that change color to
indicate acidic or basic nature
- Types: Natural (litmus,
turmeric), Synthetic (phenolphthalein, methyl orange), Olfactory (onion,
vanilla)
- pH Scale:
- Measures acidity or basicity of a
solution
- Scale ranges from 0 to 14
- pH < 7: Acidic, pH = 7:
Neutral, pH > 7: Basic
- Salts:
- Formed by the reaction of an acid
with a base
- Examples: Sodium chloride (NaCl),
Baking soda (NaHCO(_3)), Washing soda (Na(_2)CO(_3))
- Neutralization Reaction:
- Acid + Base → Salt + Water
- Common Compounds:
- Bleaching powder (CaOCl(_2))
- Plaster of Paris
(CaSO(_4)·(\frac{1}{2})H(_2)O)
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